EV them thev naus laus zis hauv Suav teb thiab Tebchaws Meskas yog qhov zoo sib xws. Hauv ob lub tebchaws, cords thiab plugs yog cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev them nyiaj hluav taws xob tsheb. (Wireless charging thiab roj teeb swapping feem ntau muaj me me.) Muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob lub teb chaws hais txog kev them nqi, cov qauv them nqi thiab kev sib txuas lus. Qhov zoo sib xws thiab qhov sib txawv no tau tham hauv qab no.
A. Theem Theem
Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, kev them nyiaj ntau ntawm EV siv qhov chaw ntawm 120 volts siv cov phab ntsa hauv tsev tsis hloov kho. Qhov no feem ntau hu ua Theem 1 lossis "trickle" them. Nrog Theem 1 them, lub roj teeb 30 kWh ib txwm siv sijhawm li 12 teev los ntawm 20% mus rau qhov yuav luag tag nrho. (Tsis muaj 120 volt qhov hluav taws xob hauv Suav teb.)
Hauv Suav teb thiab Tebchaws Meskas, kev them nyiaj ntau ntawm EV yuav tshwm sim ntawm 220 volts (Tuam Tshoj) lossis 240 volts (Tebchaws Meskas). Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, qhov no yog hu ua Theem 2 them.
Xws li kev them nyiaj yuav tshwm sim nrog qhov tsis hloov pauv lossis cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb EV them thiab feem ntau siv li 6-7 kW ntawm lub zog. Thaum them nyiaj ntawm 220-240 volts, ib txwm 30 kWh roj teeb yuav siv sijhawm li 6 teev los ntawm 20% mus rau qhov yuav luag tag nrho.
Thaum kawg, ob qho tib si Tuam Tshoj thiab Tebchaws Meskas muaj kev sib txuas ntawm DC ceev chargers, feem ntau siv 24 kW, 50 kW, 100 kW lossis 120 kW ntawm lub zog. Qee qhov chaw nres tsheb yuav muab 350 kW lossis txawm tias 400 kW ntawm lub zog. Cov DC ceev ceev no tuaj yeem nqa lub tsheb roj teeb los ntawm 20% mus rau yuav luag tag nrho cov nqi ntawm lub sijhawm kwv yees li ib teev mus rau tsawg li 10 feeb.
Table 6:Feem ntau cov qib them nqi hauv Asmeskas
| Theem nqi | Tsheb Range Ntxiv rau Lub Sijhawm Them Nqi thiabHwj chim | Muab Lub Zog |
| AC Level 1 | 1.4 kW 6 mi/hour @ 1.9 kW | 120V AC / 20A (12-16A txuas ntxiv) |
| AC Level 2 | 10 mi/h @ 3.4kW 20 mi/hour @ 6.6kW 60 mi/hour @ 19.2kW | 208 / 240V AC / 20-100A (16-80A txuas ntxiv) |
| Dynamic time-of-siv them tariffs | 24 mi/20 feeb @ 24kW 50 mi/20 feeb @ 50kW 90 mi/20 feeb @ 90kW | 208/480V AC 3 theem (input tam sim no proportional rau tso zis zog; 20-400A AC) |
Source: US Department of Energy
B. Cov qauv them nqi
i. Tuam Tshoj
Tuam Tshoj muaj ib lub teb chaws EV ceev them tus qauv. Tebchaws Asmeskas muaj peb tus qauv EV ceev them nqi.
Suav tus qauv yog hu ua Tuam Tshoj GB / T. (Lub npeGBsawv ntsug rau lub teb chaws tus qauv.)
Tuam Tshoj GB / T tau tso tawm nyob rau hauv 2015 tom qab ob peb xyoos ntawm txoj kev loj hlob.124 Nws yog tam sim no yuav tsum tau rau tag nrho cov tshiab hluav taws xob tsheb muag nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj. Cov neeg tsim tsheb thoob ntiaj teb, suav nrog Tesla, Nissan thiab BMW, tau txais tus qauv GB / T rau lawv cov EVs muag hauv Suav teb. GB / T tam sim no tso cai them ceev ceev ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 237.5 kW ntawm cov zis (ntawm 950 V thiab 250 amps), txawm tias muaj ntau
Suav DC ceev chargers muab 50 kW them. GB / T tshiab yuav raug tso tawm rau xyoo 2019 lossis 2020, uas yuav tshaj tawm cov qauv hloov kho kom suav nrog them nyiaj txog 900 kW rau cov tsheb lag luam loj. GB / T yog tus qauv hauv Suav teb nkaus xwb: ob peb lub Tuam Tshoj ua EVs xa tawm txawv teb chaws siv lwm cov qauv.125
Thaum Lub Yim Hli 2018, Tuam Tshoj Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob (CEC) tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv nkag siab nrog CHAdeMO network, nyob hauv Nyij Pooj, los koom ua ke tsim kev them nyiaj ceev ceev. Lub hom phiaj yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm GB / T thiab CHAdeMO rau kev them nyiaj ceev. Ob lub koom haum yuav koom tes los nthuav cov qauv mus rau lub teb chaws tshaj Tuam Tshoj thiab Nyiv.126
ii. Tebchaws Meskas
Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, muaj peb tus qauv EV them rau DC ceev them: CHAdeMO, CCS SAE Combo thiab Tesla.
CHAdeMO yog thawj tus qauv EV ceev them nqi, yos mus rau 2011. Nws tau tsim los ntawm Tokyo
Lub Tuam Txhab Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob thiab sawv cev rau "Charge to Move" (ib qho lus hauv Nyij Pooj).127 CHAdeMO yog tam sim no siv hauv Tebchaws Meskas hauv Nissan Leaf thiab Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, uas yog cov tsheb hluav taws xob muag tshaj plaws. Leaf txoj kev vam meej hauv Tebchaws Meskas tej zaum yuav yogELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING IN CHINA THIAB LUB TEB CHAWS USA
ENERGYPOLICY.COLUMBIA.EDU | FEBRUARY 2019 |
vim yog ib feem ntawm Nissan qhov kev cog lus thaum ntxov los nthuav tawm CHAdeMO ceev-them infrastructure ntawm cov chaw muag khoom thiab lwm qhov chaw hauv nroog.128 Raws li Lub Ib Hlis 2019, muaj ntau dua 2,900 CHAdeMO ceev chargers hauv Tebchaws Meskas (nrog rau ntau dua 7,400 hauv Nyiv thiab 7,900. Teb chaws Europe).129
Hauv 2016, CHAdeMO tshaj tawm tias nws yuav hloov kho nws cov qauv los ntawm nws qhov pib them nqi ntawm 70
kW muab 150 kW.130 Lub Rau Hli 2018 CHAdeMO tshaj tawm cov kev taw qhia txog 400 kW them peev xwm, siv 1,000 V, 400 amp kua-txias cables. Kev them nyiaj ntau dua yuav muaj kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tsheb lag luam loj xws li tsheb thauj khoom thiab tsheb npav.131
Tus qauv them thib ob hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog hu ua CCS lossis SAE Combo. Nws tau tso tawm nyob rau hauv 2011 los ntawm ib pawg ntawm European thiab US auto manufacturers. Lo lussib txuasqhia tias lub plug muaj ob qho tib si AC charging (txog 43 kW) thiab DC charging.132 Hauv
Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Charging Interface Initiative (CharIN) koom ua ke tau tsim los tawm tswv yim rau kev siv ntau ntawm CCS. Tsis zoo li CHAdeMO, CCS plug ua rau DC thiab AC them nrog ib qho chaw nres nkoj, txo qhov chaw thiab qhib qhov xav tau ntawm lub tsheb lub cev. Jaguar,
Volkswagen, General Motors, BMW, Daimler, Ford, FCA thiab Hyundai txhawb CCS. Tesla kuj tau koom nrog kev sib koom ua ke thiab thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2018 tshaj tawm nws cov tsheb hauv Tebchaws Europe yuav tuaj nruab nrog CCS them cov chaw nres nkoj.133 Chevrolet Bolt thiab BMW i3 yog cov EVs nrov hauv Tebchaws Meskas uas siv CCS them. Thaum tam sim no CCS ceev chargers muab them ntawm ib ncig ntawm 50 kW, Electrify America qhov kev pab cuam suav nrog them ceev ceev ntawm 350 kW, uas tuaj yeem ua kom tiav yuav luag tag nrho hauv tsawg li 10 feeb.
Tus qauv them thib peb hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog ua haujlwm los ntawm Tesla, uas tau tsim nws tus kheej Supercharger network hauv Tebchaws Meskas thaum lub Cuaj Hli 2012.134 Tesla
Superchargers feem ntau ua haujlwm ntawm 480 volts thiab them nyiaj ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 120 kW. Raws li
Lub Ib Hlis 2019, Tesla lub vev xaib tau teev npe 595 Supercharger qhov chaw nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas, nrog rau 420 qhov chaw ntxiv "yuav los sai sai." 135 Lub Tsib Hlis 2018, Tesla tau qhia tias yav tom ntej nws cov Superchargers yuav ncav cuag lub zog siab li 350 kW.136.
Hauv peb qhov kev tshawb fawb txog tsab ntawv ceeb toom no, peb nug cov neeg xam phaj hauv Asmeskas seb lawv puas xav tias tsis muaj ib lub teb chaws tus qauv rau DC them ceev ceev los ua qhov cuam tshuam rau EV kev saws me nyuam. Ob peb teb nyob rau hauv affirmative. Cov laj thawj uas ntau tus qauv DC them ceev ceev tsis suav tias yog qhov teeb meem suav nrog:
● Feem ntau EV them nyiaj siv nyob hauv tsev thiab ua haujlwm, nrog Theem 1 thiab 2 chargers.
● Feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem thiab chaw ua haujlwm them nyiaj rau hnub tim tau siv Theem 2 chargers.
● Cov Adapters muaj nyob rau uas tso cai rau EV cov tswv siv feem ntau DC chargers ceev, txawm tias EV thiab charger siv cov qauv sib txawv. (Qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb, Tesla supercharging network, tsuas yog qhib rau Tesla tsheb xwb.) Qhov tseem ceeb, muaj qee qhov kev txhawj xeeb txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv ceev ceev.
● Txij li thaum lub plug thiab connector sawv cev rau ib feem me me ntawm tus nqi ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb ceev ceev, qhov no nthuav qhia me ntsis kev sib tw los yog nyiaj txiag rau cov tswv chaw nres tsheb thiab tuaj yeem muab piv rau cov hoses rau cov roj av octane sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb roj. Ntau lub chaw them nyiaj rau pej xeem muaj ntau lub ntsaws txuas nrog rau ib qho chaw them nyiaj, tso cai rau txhua hom EV kom them rau qhov ntawd. Qhov tseeb, ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab xav tau lossis txhawb nqa qhov no.ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING IN CHINA THIAB LUB TEB CHAWS USA
38 | CENTER ON GLOBAL ENERGY POLICY | COLUMBIA SIPA
Qee cov tuam txhab tsheb tau hais tias qhov kev them nyiaj tshwj xeeb yog sawv cev rau lub tswv yim sib tw. Claas Bracklo, lub taub hau ntawm electromobility ntawm BMW thiab tus thawj coj ntawm CharIN, tau hais rau xyoo 2018, "Peb tau tsim CharIN los tsim txoj haujlwm ntawm lub zog." 137 Ntau tus tswv Tesla thiab cov tub ua lag luam xav txog nws cov tswv lag luam supercharger network muag khoom, txawm hais tias Tesla tseem hais ntxiv. txaus siab tso cai rau lwm lub tsheb qauv siv nws lub network muab lawv pab nyiaj faib ua feem rau kev siv.138 Tesla kuj yog ib feem ntawm CharIN txhawb CCS. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2018, nws tshaj tawm tias Model 3 tsheb muag hauv Tebchaws Europe yuav tuaj nruab nrog CCS chaw nres nkoj. Tesla cov tswv tseem tuaj yeem yuav cov khoom hloov pauv kom nkag mus rau CHAdeMO ceev chargers.139
C. Charging Communication Protocols Them kev sib txuas lus raws tu qauv yog tsim nyog los txhim kho kev them nyiaj rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv (kom kuaj xyuas lub xeev ntawm tus nqi, roj teeb voltage thiab kev nyab xeeb) thiab rau daim phiaj (xws li
140 Tuam Tshoj GB / T thiab CHAdeMO siv cov txheej txheem kev sib txuas lus paub tias CAN, thaum CCS ua haujlwm nrog PLC raws tu qauv. Qhib kev sib txuas lus raws tu qauv, xws li Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) tsim los ntawm Open Charging Alliance, tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Europe.
Hauv peb qhov kev tshawb fawb rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm no, ntau tus neeg xam phaj hauv Asmeskas tau hais txog kev txav mus rau kev sib txuas lus qhib thiab software raws li txoj cai tseem ceeb. Tshwj xeeb, qee qhov kev them nyiaj rau pej xeem uas tau txais nyiaj txiag raws li American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) tau raug suav hais tias tau xaiv cov neeg muag khoom nrog cov tswv lag luam uas tom qab tau ntsib teeb meem nyiaj txiag, tawm hauv cov khoom tawg uas yuav tsum tau hloov.141 Feem ntau lub nroog, kev siv hluav taws xob, thiab kev them nyiaj. kev sib txuas lus tau hu rau txoj kev tshawb fawb no qhia txog kev txhawb nqa rau qhib kev sib txuas lus raws tu qauv thiab kev txhawb nqa kom them nyiaj network hosts rau seamlessly hloov cov chaw muab kev pab.142
D. Nqis
Lub chargers hauv tsev yog pheej yig dua hauv Suav teb dua li hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Nyob rau hauv Suav teb, ib tug raug 7 kW phab ntsa mounted tsev charger khw muag khoom hauv internet rau ntawm RMB 1,200 thiab RMB 1,800.143 Kev teeb tsa yuav tsum tau them nqi ntxiv. (Feem ntau cov kev yuav khoom ntiag tug EV tuaj nrog lub charger thiab kev teeb tsa suav nrog.) Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Theem 2 lub tsev chargers raug nqi nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm $ 450- $ 600, ntxiv rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm kwv yees li $ 500 rau kev teeb tsa.144 DC cov khoom siv them ceev ceev yog qhov kim dua hauv ob lub teb chaws. Cov nqi sib txawv. Ib tus kws tshaj lij Suav tau xam phaj rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm no kwv yees tias kev txhim kho 50 kW DC them sai sai hauv Suav teb feem ntau raug nqi nruab nrab ntawm RMB 45,000 thiab RMB 60,000, nrog rau tus nqi them nws tus kheej suav txog kwv yees li RMB 25,000 - RMB 35,000 thiab cabling, underground infrastructure thiab cov nyiaj ua haujlwm. rau qhov seem.145 Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, DC them ceev ceev tuaj yeem raug nqi kaum txhiab daus las rau ib qho. Cov kev hloov pauv loj uas cuam tshuam rau tus nqi ntawm kev txhim kho DC cov khoom siv ceev ceev suav nrog qhov xav tau rau trenching, hloov pauv hloov pauv, hloov tshiab lossis hloov kho circuits thiab hluav taws xob vaj huam sib luag thiab kev hloov kho kom zoo nkauj. Kev kos npe, kev tso cai thiab kev nkag mus rau cov neeg xiam oob khab yog qhov xav tau ntxiv.146
E. Wireless Charging
Wireless charging muaj ntau yam zoo, nrog rau kev zoo nkauj, txuag lub sijhawm thiab siv tau yooj yim.
Nws muaj nyob rau xyoo 1990s rau EV1 (lub tsheb hluav taws xob thaum ntxov) tab sis tsis tshua muaj hnub no.147 Wireless EV them cov tshuab muaj nyob hauv online ntawm tus nqi ntawm $ 1,260 mus rau ib ncig ntawm $ 3,000.148 Wireless EV them nqi nqa kev nplua nuj, nrog cov tshuab tam sim no muab kev them nqi ntawm nyob ib ncig ntawm 85%.149 Cov khoom siv wireless them tam sim no muab lub zog hloov ntawm 3-22 kW; wireless chargers muaj rau ntau tus qauv EV los ntawm Plugless nqi ntawm 3.6 kW lossis 7.2 kW, sib npaug rau Theem 2 them.150 Txawm tias ntau tus neeg siv EV xav txog kev them nyiaj wireless tsis tsim nyog rau tus nqi ntxiv, 151 qee cov kws tshuaj ntsuam tau kwv yees tias cov thev naus laus zis yuav sai sai no, thiab ntau lub tuam txhab tsheb tau tshaj tawm tias lawv yuav muab kev them nyiaj wireless raws li kev xaiv ntawm EVs yav tom ntej. Kev them nyiaj wireless tuaj yeem yog qhov txaus nyiam rau qee lub tsheb nrog txoj hauv kev, xws li cov tsheb npav pej xeem, thiab nws kuj tau raug npaj rau yav tom ntej txoj kab hluav taws xob, txawm tias tus nqi siab, kev them nqi qis thiab kev them nqi qeeb yuav yog qhov tsis zoo.152
F. Roj Teeb Hloov
Nrog lub roj teeb hloov tshuab, lub tsheb fais fab tuaj yeem pauv lawv cov roj teeb uas tsis tau them rau lwm tus uas tau them tag nrho. Qhov no yuav ua rau luv luv lub sijhawm yuav tsum tau them rov qab EV, nrog cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb rau cov neeg tsav tsheb.
Ntau lub nroog thiab cov tuam txhab hauv Suav teb tam sim no tau sim cov roj teeb hloov pauv, nrog rau kev tsom mus rau kev siv dav hlau EVs, xws li tsheb tavxij. Lub nroog Hangzhou tau xa cov roj teeb hloov pauv rau nws cov tsheb tavxij tsheb tavxij, uas siv hauv zos ua Zotye EVs.155 Beijing tau tsim ntau lub roj teeb hloov pauv hauv kev siv zog txhawb nqa los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsheb hauv zos BAIC. Nyob rau xyoo 2017 lig, BAIC tshaj tawm txoj kev npaj tsim 3,000 qhov chaw sib pauv thoob tebchaws los ntawm 2021.156 Lub Tuam Txhab EV pib NIO npaj yuav siv roj teeb-swap thev naus laus zis rau qee lub tsheb thiab tshaj tawm tias nws yuav tsim 1,100 swapping chaw nres tsheb hauv Suav teb.157 Ntau lub nroog hauv Suav teb- suav nrog Hangzhou thiab Qingdao-tau kuj siv roj teeb pauv rau tsheb npav.158
Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, kev sib tham ntawm cov roj teeb sib pauv tau ploj mus tom qab xyoo 2013 kev lag luam ntawm Israeli roj teeb-swap pib Project Better Place, uas tau npaj ib lub network ntawm kev sib pauv chaw nres tsheb rau cov neeg caij tsheb.153 Hauv 2015, Tesla tau tso tseg nws qhov chaw nres tsheb swapping tom qab tsim ib qho. ua qauv qhia chaw, liam tias tsis muaj kev txaus siab rau cov neeg siv khoom. Muaj ob peb yog tias muaj kev sim ua tiav nrog rau kev sib pauv roj teeb hauv Tebchaws Meskas niaj hnub no.154 Qhov poob ntawm cov nqi roj teeb, thiab tej zaum yuav tsawg dua qhov kev xa tawm ntawm DC fast-charging infrastructure, muaj peev xwm txo qhov kev nyiam ntawm cov roj teeb hloov hauv lub Tebchaws Meskas.
Thaum lub roj teeb swapping muaj ob peb qhov zoo, nws muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab. Lub roj teeb EV yog hnyav thiab feem ntau nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub tsheb, tsim ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv nrog tsawg kawg nkaus engineering kam rau ua kom haum thiab kev sib txuas hluav taws xob. Niaj hnub no cov roj teeb feem ntau yuav tsum tau ua kom txias, thiab kev sib txuas thiab kev sib txuas ntawm lub tshuab ua kom txias yog qhov nyuaj.159 Muab lawv qhov loj thiab qhov hnyav, cov roj teeb yuav tsum haum zoo kom tsis txhob rattling, txo hnav thiab ua kom lub tsheb nyob hauv nruab nrab. Skateboard roj teeb architecture uas muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no EVs txhim kho kev nyab xeeb los ntawm kev txo lub tsheb qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov hnyav thiab txhim kho kev sib tsoo hauv pem hauv ntej thiab nram qab. Cov roj teeb tshem tau nyob hauv lub cev lossis lwm qhov yuav tsis muaj qhov zoo dua. Txij li cov tswv tsheb feem ntau them nqi hauv tsev lossisELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING IN CHINA THIAB LUB TEB CHAWS USAntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev hloov roj teeb yuav tsis tas daws cov teeb meem ntawm kev them nqi hluav taws xob - nws tsuas yog yuav pab daws cov kev them nyiaj rau pej xeem thiab ntau yam. Thiab vim hais tias feem ntau automakers tsis txaus siab rau standardize roj teeb pob los yog tsim - tsheb yog tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv cov roj teeb thiab lub cev muaj zog, ua qhov no ib tug tseem ceeb proprietary tus nqi 160 - roj teeb swap yuav xav tau ib tug cais chaw nres tsheb network rau txhua lub tuam txhab tsheb los yog cais swapping khoom rau txawv qauv thiab qhov loj ntawm lub tsheb. Txawm hais tias mobile roj teeb swapping tsheb thauj khoom tau thov, 161 tus qauv kev lag luam no tseem tsis tau ua tiav.
Post lub sij hawm: Jan-20-2021